PAST CONTINUES TENSE

It is used to express the activity which was still going on in the past or
It is used to express the activity that is being done wheel another activity is happened is the past.

S + Was/were + V1 (ing) +... ( + )
S + was/were + not + V1 (ing) +... (-)
Was/were + s + V1 (ing) +... (?)

Example
She was playing football this morning (+)
She was not playing football this morning (-)
Was she playing football this morning (?)
Keterangan
a. ketika ada dua kejadian berlangsung bersama maka keduanya menggunakan past continuous.
Example
- While Rudy was reading a book Karina was not watching TV
- Fini was watching TV while Manan reading a book
b. Tapi jika ada satu kejadian dan disusul dengan kejadian yang kedua maka kalimat yang pertama menggunakan past continuous yang kedua menggunakan past tense

Example
- While Harry was watching TV Rudy read a book
- When Fini come home nona was watching TV
While : Diikuti past continuous kemudian past tense
When : Diikuti past tense kemudian past continuous



DESCRIPTION

Text description bertujuan untuk menggambarkan seseorang, sesuatu, suatu tempat, seekor binatang seara khusus text description menyodorkan banyak informasi tentang orang, benda, tempat, binatang secara gamblang, rinci, dan dapat dipublikasikan atau digambarkan.

Generic structure of description
1. Identification : Pengenalan subjek atau hal yang akan dideskripsikan
2. Description : Menginformasikan ciri-ciri subjek contohnya sifat, psikologis, prilaku, tampilan fisik ciri-ciri khas, dan kualitas.
Description biasanya menggunakan simple present tense.

Example

Identification I have a set. It is a dog and I call it Crow.
Crow is a Chinese breed. It is small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Crow does not like comes. Every day it eats soft done like steamed rice, fish or bread. Every morning i give her milk.
Description And bread. When I an at school, Crow plays with my cat. They got along well, and never fright maybe because Crow does not Carl a lot. It treats the other animals in our house gently, and it never eats shoes. Crow is really a sweet and friendly animal.






HOW TO DO THINGS (PROCEDURE)
Social function of procedure
The purpose of the social function of a procedure is to describe how something is done or made through a sequence of instructions.
Generic Structure of a Procedure
a. Goal: something we want to reach (to do/ to make)
b. Materials: and equipments needed
c. Steps: series of instructions using sequence of orders
Significant Grammatical Features
a. Use of simple present tense mostly in the form of imperative/command (positive and negative)
b. Use of the sequence of orders marked by the word: first, then, next, after that, finally, etc.
c. Use of must and must not
Example
Goal : How to make Sweet Coffee
Tools : 1. Cup
2. Spoon
3. under layer
Materials : Sweet coffee
Water warm
Sugar
Steps : 1. Pour coffee and sugar sufficiently into cup
2. Pour water warm into cup with mix well
3. Put cup in up under layer
4. Sweet coffee is really to be served
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi.
S + tube (is, am, are) + V1 (ing) +... (+)
S + tube + not + V1 (ing) +... (-)
Tube + S + V1 (ing) +... (?)
Example
1. I am writing in the blackboard now (+)
I am not writing in the blackboard now (-)
Am I writing in the blackboard now (?)
2. She is reading a book this moment (+)
She is not reading a book this moment (-)
Is she reading a book this moment (?)

PASSIVE VOICE
Tube + T3

Active
Simple Present Tense
S + V1 (s/es)
She eats an apple on Sunday
Present continuous tense
S + tube + V1 (ing)
She is eating an apple now
Simple Past tense
S + V2
She ate an apple yesterday
Simple Future tense
S + Will/shall + V1
Shall (I, we)
She will eat apple tomorrow
Passive
Simple Present Tense
S + tube + V3
An apple is eaten by her yesterday
Present Continuous Tense
S + tube + being + V3
An apple is being eaten by her now
Simple Past Tense
S + tube (Was/were) + V3
An apple was eaten by her yesterday
Simple Future Tense
S + Will/shall + be + V3
An apple will be eaten by her tomorrow.


ONCE UPON A TIME (NARRATIVE)
General Characteristic of Narrative
1. Social function of Narrative
To entertain, amuse, and to deal with actual or vicarious experiences in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kids which in turn finds a resolution
2. Narrative Text Type
Narrative text types are in the form of: fable, fairy tales, historical stories, folktale, legends, mysteries, etc.
3. Generic Structure of Narrative
Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants
Complication : a crisis cerise
Resolution : the crisis is resolved for better or for worse
4. Significant Language Feature of Narrative
a) Focus in specific and individualized participants
b) Use of relational processes (action verbs)
c) Use relational processes and mental processes
d) Use of past tense
e) Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances
f) Use of process (saying verbs) in direct and speech.
Example
Title Cinderella
Orientation Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsister and stepmother. They were very bossy. She had to do all the housework.
Complication One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsister did not let her go, so Cinderella was very sad. The stepsister went to the ball without her.
resolution Fortunately, the fairy good other came and helped her to get to the ball. At the call, Cinderella dance with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
BREAKING NEWS (NEW ITEM)
General Characteristic of News Item

1. Social Function of News Item
To inform the reader, listener or viewers the particulars/details of an event, accident or incident take place

2. Text Type
News Item (informative article)

3. Generic Structure of Narrative
Newsworthy event: First, write the country/city/place where the events took pace. Then, present the information on the who, when and the actual location of the events.
Background events: The body of the news items tells the events that took pace in the order that they happened. You may give general comments on the events and include quotes from people involved in the events
Sources: The events start to end. It usually in attends the comments from the public, like, the witnesses, police or expert

4. Significant Language Feature of Narrative
Action Verb
Adjective
Connectors to do with the time and sequence
Pronoun
Simple past tense
Adverbs
Compound and complex sentences
Example
Title Man jailed for striking RI maid
News worthy event SINGAPORE - A supervisor was jailed for two moths for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote control, news reports said on Thursday
background even 1
Even 2
Even 3 Muhamad Shafiq Woon Abdullah admitted in a Singapore court he physical abused the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, The straits time said.
The magistrate's court heard that Shafiq, 31 began striking Winarti, 22 about a month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV sets sent control because he was unhappy with her work. On one occasion, he punched her on the back after
source Accusing her of daydreaming – DPA